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  <div class="section" id="development-tools">
<span id="development"></span><h1>开发工具<a class="headerlink" href="#development-tools" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
<p>本章中描述的各模块可帮你编写 Python 程序。例如，<a class="reference internal" href="pydoc.html#module-pydoc" title="pydoc: Documentation generator and online help system."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code></a> 模块接受一个模块并根据该模块的内容来生成文档。<a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code></a> 这两个模块包含了用于编写单元测试的框架，并可用于自动测试所编写的代码，验证预期的输出是否产生。<strong class="program">2to3</strong> 程序能够将 Python 2.x 源代码翻译成有效的 Python 3.x 源代码。</p>
<p>本章中描述的模块列表是：</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code> --- 类型标注支持</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#type-aliases">类型别名</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#newtype">NewType</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#callable">Callable</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#generics">泛型(Generic)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#user-defined-generic-types">用户定义的泛型类型</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#the-any-type"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Any</span></code> 类型</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#classes-functions-and-decorators">类,函数和修饰器.</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pydoc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code> --- 文档生成器和在线帮助系统</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code> --- 测试交互性的Python示例</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-docstrings">简单用法：检查Docstrings中的示例</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-a-text-file">Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#how-it-works">How It Works</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#which-docstrings-are-examined">Which Docstrings Are Examined?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#how-are-docstring-examples-recognized">How are Docstring Examples Recognized?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#what-s-the-execution-context">What's the Execution Context?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#what-about-exceptions">What About Exceptions?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#option-flags">Option Flags</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#directives">Directives</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#basic-api">Basic API</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#doctest-objects">DocTest 对象</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#doctestfinder-objects">DocTestFinder 对象</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code> --- 单元测试框架</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#basic-example">基本实例</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#command-line-interface">命令行界面</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#test-discovery">探索性测试</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#organizing-test-code">组织你的测试代码</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#re-using-old-test-code">复用已有的测试代码</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#skipping-tests-and-expected-failures">跳过测试与预计的失败</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#classes-and-functions">类与函数</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#quick-guide">快速上手</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#the-mock-class">The Mock Class</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#the-patchers">The patchers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patch">patch</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patch-object">patch.object</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></code> 上手指南</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#using-mock">使用 mock</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-patching-methods">模拟方法调用</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object">对象上的方法调用的 mock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-classes">Mocking Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#naming-your-mocks">Naming your mocks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-all-calls">Tracking all Calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#setting-return-values-and-attributes">Setting Return Values and Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#raising-exceptions-with-mocks">Raising exceptions with mocks</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object">Creating a Mock from an Existing Object</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#patch-decorators">Patch Decorators</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-generator-method">Mocking a Generator Method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">Applying the same patch to every test method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-unbound-methods">Mocking Unbound Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">Checking multiple calls with mock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#coping-with-mutable-arguments">Coping with mutable arguments</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">Mock subclasses and their attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">Mocking imports with patch.dict</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#more-complex-argument-matching">More complex argument matching</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="2to3.html">2to3 - 自动将 Python 2 代码转为 Python 3 代码</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2to3.html#using-2to3">使用 2to3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2to3.html#fixers">修复器</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2to3.html#module-lib2to3"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code> —— 2to3 支持库</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> ---  Python回归测试包</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#writing-unit-tests-for-the-test-package">Writing Unit Tests for the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#running-tests-using-the-command-line-interface">Running tests using the command-line interface</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support</span></code> --- Utilities for the Python test suite</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.script_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.script_helper</span></code> --- Utilities for the Python execution tests</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>另请参看 Python 开发模式: <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#id5"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-X</span></code></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dev</span></code> 选项以及 <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONDEVMODE"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONDEVMODE</span></code></a> 环境变量。</p>
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